Flooded Gum: some thoughts on site conditions, psyllid populations, and tree health

In the previous blog posting, Jodi Wildy from Boyup Brook expressed her concerns about the health of Flooded Gums in different conditions. She wondered, for example, if the presence of understory plays an important role. Today George Matusick shares his thoughts, raises some further questions, and invites others to share their observations.

Hey Jodi,

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How can we help stop the decline of Flooded Gums?

By Jodi Wildy

I have been following the blog on tree health with much interest and thought that I must finally ask about an issue that is quite striking and of concern at our patch near Boyup Brook in the Southwest of WA.

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Reptiles neglected in times of climate change?

By Mike Craig

Morethia Obscura

In our drying climate, it is interesting to ponder how our native animals will cope with the decreasing rainfall. For mammals and birds, the loss of productivity associated with the reduction in water availability is likely to have negative impacts but any potential effects on reptiles are less clear. Reptiles tend to be more diverse and abundant in low productivity environments, so will they benefit from the reduction in rainfall? Data from a trapping project suggest that reptile activity, at least, is to a large extent driven by rainfall. Data from the summer of 2009/10 showed that captures during the relatively wet months of October and November 2009 were quite high (5.6 and 7.9 captures per 100 trap nights respectively), but that capture rates dropped significantly (to 3.9 captures per 100 trap nights) in December 2009 due to the lack of rain over the previous month. Trapping in March 2010, just a few days after the storms that caused so much hail damage in Perth probably lead to capture rates jumping back up to 6.0 captures per 100 trap nights that month. The pattern in the summer of 2010/11 was quite different. It started similarly with relatively high numbers of captures in October and November 2010 (3.6 and 4.4 captures per 100 trap nights respectively), but then was even higher in December 2010 (4.6 captures per 100 trap nights), probably due to the small amount of rainfall that fell in December that maintained moisture levels to some extent. In contrast, captures rates in March were extremely low (1.9 captures per 100 trap nights), again probably due to the lack of rainfall in the previous two months. So, does this mean that the drying climate will reduce reptile activity so much that they are no longer able to be active enough to find sufficient food? That scenario is unlikely, but it does suggest that reptiles will not be immune from the effects of climate change. How individual reptile species respond will likely vary greatly between species, with those preferring moist, dense sites being disadvantaged and those preferring open, sunny sites being advantaged. Whatever the response, it is interesting to think about how our activities might ultimately affect our most diverse vertebrate group, a group that is too often neglected when we think about climate change effects.

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What can we learn from the European oak decline?

By Sonja Jakob

Sure, this blog is about forest health but why should we bother about oak decline in Europe – especially since there is a severe decline in eucalypts going on over here! The aim of this blog entry is to show that there are similarities between the two decline phenomenons.

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We ♥ marri

By Cielito Marbus

I’ve spent some time recently reflecting on the amount of attention given to the different tree species we study at the Centre. Particularly, I’ve been pondering why we have funding to spend on researching the decline of all the important south-west tree species, except marri.  Jarrah has long been a focus, and more recently tuart and wandoo, while a funding agreement to examine peppermints came into place just a few months ago. So marri research isn’t funded, yet we receive a lot of calls from concerned community members about marri trees on their block or in their town. Many people are aware of the contribution that marri trees make to our native ecosystems. The canker disease in marri has been known since 1939 and became widespread by the 1970s, while a leaf and flower blight pathogen has become widespread over the last decade or so. I recently completed my honours thesis studying this blight pathogen, and during my field studies I found it difficult to find a truly healthy and happy marri tree.

I touched on a point in my thesis, duly picked up by my examiner, where I commented roughly that marri was not, historically, a valuable timber tree. What I meant was that it was not perceived as a valuable timber, despite the appreciation by some for the interesting results that came from the kino (gum) veins. What I leave to be considered here, is that our appreciation for marri is driven largely by sentimental and intangible values, as opposed to monetary or economic. We love marri for the honkey nuts that we grew up with as kids, for the native, cute and cuddly fauna that the trees support, for the unique ‘flaws’ in the timber, and for the masses of beautiful flowers produced each year. Personally I have fond memories of the Adventures of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie, and Little Ragged Blossom.

May Gibbs brought us the characters and adventure stories of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie

Marri timber is in truth stronger than jarrah, and the honey produced from its flowers has as much nutritional and antimicrobial potential as jarrah honey. I find it interesting also that the production of kino, which has served the tree so well in the past (it has certainly been a strong point in its evolution and adaptation), is now working against it favour. The scarring it leaves in the timber causes us to undervalue the tree, which may have influenced our lack of attention to the species. Should we seek value in economic terms now? Should we glorify the merits of this tree by the dollar value on the furniture we make or the honey it provides? Or can we continue to love it for the good old fashioned reasons.

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Frost Damage to Forestry and Agriculture Under a Warming Climate– Should We Worry?

By George Matusick, Jatin Kala, Tom Lyons

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that the largest threat to ecosystems in the southwest of WA is diminishing rainfall and increasing average temperatures.  In fact, the southwest of WA is one of the rare regions in the world whereby the vast majority of Global Circulation Models (GCMs) agree on the trends in precipitation and temperature.

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Probing the spectral reflectance of our keystone species: Eucalyptus rudis (Flooded Gum)

By Bradley Evans

Over the last few weeks the following centre members have been out in the field collecting leaf samples for our ‘spectroscopic library’ across our sites. Thanks to; George Matusick, Martin Bader, Jerome Chopard, Cielito Marbus and Katherine Edwards for their help in realizing this projects initial phase. We have been using an Ocean Optics Jaz Spectrometer (Jaz) with the capability to take reflectance measurements, from leaves and other materials, across the visible and through to the beginning of the near infrared range. These measurements can now form the baseline of our understanding of the spectral reflectance properties of our species of interest. In remote sensing studies, i.e. using airborne and satellite imagery as opposed to leaf spectroscopy collected on the ground, these reflectance signatures can be used to un-mix larger combination (leaf/soil/wood) pixels and form the basis of landscape classification. This data is collected into what is known as a ‘Spectral Library’ so it can be used in remote sensing studies.

Jerome and Brad helping KatherineOur Leaf Spectroscopy with the Jaz has created a great opportunity for some real teamwork!

To wet your appetite for spectroscopy I have prepared a sample of E.rudis from Katherine Edwards’ Beeliar site. Figure 1 is a great demonstration of the capabilities of the Jaz and is the starting point of our library entry for this declining species. One interesting observation is that when Eucalypt leaves dry out they generally reflect more light than when living. This is because of the dark green-blue colour. This phenomena tends to be reversed in other types of leaves. Spectroscopy concepts discussed broadly in this posting are explained in ‘The Red Edge’ slideshow.

We will continue to collect leaf samples and increase the robustness of our ‘Spectral Library’ for the benefit of our researchers. You will shortly see more information emerging on the uses of this spectral information.

 

E.rudis Green and Dry Leaves

Figure 1: A comparison of E.rudis green and dry leaves collected by Katherine Edwards from her site in Beeliar Reserve. The green band shows the distinctive ‘Red Edge’ typical of active chlorophyll in leaf cells. The blue signature has a higher reflection because the leaves were very light in colour. The blue, green, red and grey (NIR) bands represent SpecTerra Services Pty Ltd Digital Multispectral Imagery (DMSI) product.

 

The Red Edge

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